Cast Copper Alloys: Brasses (C83300 - C89999)

Standard Designation for Cast Copper Alloys

C83300-C83999: Copper-Tin-Zinc and Copper-Tin-Zinc-Lead Alloys (Red and Leaded Red Brasses)
C84000-C84999: Copper-Tin-Zinc and Copper-Tin-Zinc-Lead Alloys (Semi-Red and Leaded Semi-Red Brasses)
C85000-C85999: Copper-Zinc Alloys (Yellow Brasses)
C86000-C86999: Manganese Bronze and Leaded Manganese Bronze Alloy (High Strength Yellow Brasses)
C87000-C87999: Copper-Silicon Alloys (Silicon Bronzes and Silicon Brasses)
C88000-C89999: Copper-Bismuth and Copper-Bismuth-Selenium Alloys

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UNS #	Cu		Pb		Sn		Zn		Fe		P		Ni		Al		As		Bi		Mg		Mn		S		Sb		Si		Se		Other Named Elements		Status
UNS #	Min%	Max%	Min%	Max%	Min%	Max%	Min%	Max%	Min%	Max%	Min%	Max%	Min%	Max%	Min%	Max%	Min%	Max%	Min%	Max%	Min%	Max%	Min%	Max%	Min%	Max%	Min%	Max%	Min%	Max%	Min%	Max%	Min%	Max%	Status
C83300	92.0⁽¹⁾⁽²⁾	94.0	1.0	2.0	1.0	2.0	2.0	6.0																											active
C83400	88.0	92.0⁽²⁾⁽¹⁾		0.50		0.20	8.0	12.0		0.25		0.03⁽³⁾		1.0⁽⁴⁾		0.005										0.08		0.25		0.005					active
C83410 Red Brass	88.0	91.0		0.10	1.0	2.0		Rem		0.05				0.05		0.005														0.005					inactive 03/92
C83420 Red Brass	88.0⁽¹⁾⁽²⁾	92.0		0.50	0.25	0.7		Rem		0.10																									inactive 03/92
C83450	87.0⁽²⁾⁽¹⁾	89.0	1.5	3.0	2.0	3.5	5.5	7.5		0.30		0.03⁽³⁾	0.8	2.0⁽⁴⁾		0.005										0.08		0.25		0.005					active
C83460*		Rem⁽⁵⁾⁽²⁾		.09	2.5	4.5	4.0	6.0	.50	1.0	.05	.10		1.0⁽⁴⁾		.005									.15	.6		.25		.005					active
C83470* Copper Tin Zinc Alloy	90.0	96.0⁽²⁾⁽⁵⁾		0.09	3.0	5.0	1.0	3.0		0.50		0.10⁽⁶⁾		1.0⁽⁴⁾		0.01									0.20	0.6		0.20		0.01					active
C83500	86.0⁽¹⁾⁽²⁾	88.0	3.5	5.5	5.5	6.5	1.0	2.5		0.25		0.03⁽³⁾	0.50⁽⁴⁾	1.0		0.005										0.08		0.25		0.005					active
C83520 Red Brass		Rem	3.5	4.5	3.5	4.5				0.30				1.0														0.25							inactive 03/92
C83600 Ounce Metal	84.0	86.0⁽²⁾⁽¹⁾	4.0	6.0	4.0	6.0	4.0	6.0		0.30		0.05⁽³⁾		1.0⁽⁴⁾		0.005										0.08		0.25		0.005					active
C83700 Red Brass	83.0	88.0		0.50		1.00		Rem		0.30		0.05		0.30		0.005	0.05	0.20						0.10						0.005					inactive 03/92
C83800 Hydraulic Bronze	82.0⁽¹⁾⁽²⁾	83.8	5.0	7.0	3.3	4.2	5.0	8.0		0.30		0.03⁽³⁾		1.0⁽⁴⁾		0.005										0.08		0.25		0.005					active
C83810		Rem⁽¹⁾⁽²⁾	4.0	6.0	2.0	3.5	7.5	9.5		0.50⁽⁷⁾				2.0⁽⁴⁾		0.005														0.10					active
C84000* Semi-Red Brass	82.0	89.0⁽¹⁾		0.09	2.0	4.0	5.0	14.0		0.40		0.05	0.50	2.0		0.005								0.01	0.10	0.65		0.02		0.005				0.10 B 0.10 Zr	active
C84010* Semi-Red Brass	82.0⁽¹⁾	89.0		0.09	2.0	4.0	5.0	14.0		0.40		0.05	0.50	2.0		0.005							0.01	0.20	0.10	0.65		0.02		0.005				0.10 B 0.10 Zr	active
C84020* Semi-Red Brass	82.0⁽¹⁾	89.0		0.09	2.0	4.0	5.0	14.0		0.40		0.05	0.50	2.0										0.20	0.10	0.65		0.02						0.10 B 0.10 C 0.10 Ti 0.10 Zr	active
C84030* Low Lead Semi-Red Brass	82.0⁽¹⁾	89.0		0.09	2.0	4.0	5.0	14.0		0.40		0.05	0.50	2.0										0.20	0.10	0.65	0.10	1.5						0.10 B 0.10 C 0.10 Ti 0.10 Zr	active
C84100	78.0	85.0⁽⁵⁾	0.05	0.25	1.5	4.5	12.0	20.0		0.30		0.05		0.50⁽⁴⁾		0.01				0.09								0.05		0.01					active
C84200	78.0⁽¹⁾⁽²⁾	82.0	2.0	3.0	4.0	6.0	10.0	16.0		0.40		0.05⁽³⁾		0.8⁽⁴⁾		0.005										0.08		0.25		0.005					active
C84400 Valve Metal	78.0⁽¹⁾⁽²⁾	82.0	6.0	8.0	2.3	3.5	7.0	10.0		0.40		0.02⁽³⁾		1.0⁽⁴⁾		0.005										0.08		0.25		0.005					active
C84410		Rem⁽²⁾⁽¹⁾⁽⁸⁾	7.0	9.0	3.0	4.5	7.0	11.0						1.0⁽⁴⁾		0.01				0.05										0.2					active
C84500	77.0⁽²⁾⁽¹⁾	79.0	6.0	7.5	2.0	4.0	10.0	14.0		0.40		0.02⁽³⁾		1.0⁽⁴⁾		0.005										0.08		0.25		0.005					active
C84800 Plumbing Goods Brass	75.0	77.0⁽²⁾⁽¹⁾	5.5	7.0	2.0	3.0	13.0	17.0		0.40		0.02⁽³⁾		1.0⁽⁴⁾		0.005										0.08		0.25		0.005					active
C85200 Leaded Yellow Brass	70.0	74.0⁽²⁾⁽⁹⁾	1.5	3.8	0.7	2.0	20.0	27.0		0.6		0.02		1.0		0.005										0.05		0.20		0.05					active
C85210	70.0	75.0⁽¹⁰⁾⁽²⁾	2.0	5.0	1.0	3.0		Rem		0.8				1.0		0.005	0.02	0.06												0.005					inactive 03/92
C85300 Yellow Brass	68.0	72.0⁽⁹⁾		0.50		0.50		Rem				0.50																							inactive 08/77
C85310 Yellow Brass	68.0⁽¹⁰⁾⁽²⁾	73.0	2.0	5.0		1.5		Rem		0.8				1.0		0.0	0.02	0.06																	inactive 03/92
C85400 No.1 Yellow Brass	65.0	70.0⁽²⁾⁽¹⁰⁾	1.5	3.8	0.50	1.5	24.0	32.0		0.7				1.0⁽⁴⁾		0.35														0.05					active
C85430	66.0	72.0⁽⁵⁾	0.01	0.25	0.6	1.7	27.0	31.0		0.30	0.01	0.15		0.30⁽⁴⁾	0.50	1.2				0.10				0.30						0.10				0.02 B	active
C85450* Copper Zinc Alloy	60.0⁽⁵⁾	64.0		0.09	0.50	1.5		Rem	0.30	1.0				1.0⁽⁴⁾		1.0								0.6											active
C85470*	60.0	65.0⁽⁵⁾		.09	1.0	4.0		Rem		.20	.02	.25			.10	1.0																			active
C85500	59.0⁽²⁾⁽⁹⁾	63.0		0.20		0.20		Rem		0.20				0.20⁽⁴⁾										0.20											active
C85550* Low Silicon Brass	59.0	64.0⁽⁵⁾		0.09		0.30		Rem		0.15				0.20⁽¹¹⁾		0.30													0.30	1.0					active
C85560	60.0	64.0⁽¹²⁾⁽⁵⁾	.10	.25	.20	.50		Rem⁽¹³⁾		.15				.20			.05	.20⁽¹⁴⁾	.60	.90															active
C85563	61.5	63.5⁽⁵⁾	0.20	1.6		0.30		Rem		0.30				0.20	0.50	0.7	0.04	0.14						0.10											active
C85566	62.0	65.0⁽⁵⁾		0.20		0.30		Rem		0.20				0.20	0.45	0.7	0.02	0.04						0.10			0.02	0.05		0.02					active
C85570	59.0⁽⁵⁾⁽¹²⁾	65.0		0.25		0.50		Rem		0.30		0.20		0.20⁽⁴⁾	0.10	0.50	0.02	0.16											0.05	0.50					active
C85600 Copper Zinc Alloy	59.0	63.0		0.20		0.20		Rem						0.20										0.20											inactive 02/82
C85610 Yellow Brass	63.0	66.0	1.0	2.0	1.2	2.0		Rem	0.10	1.0				2.0																				1.0 Be	inactive 05/82
C85660	62.0	64.0⁽¹⁵⁾⁽¹²⁾		0.25		0.30		Rem		0.30				0.20⁽⁴⁾	0.50	0.7	0.02	0.15						0.10											active
C85690	62.5⁽¹⁵⁾	65.0		0.10	0.30	0.9		Rem			0.03	0.09			0.02	0.06							0.03	0.09							0.05	0.15	0.001 B 0.03 Cr	0.003 B 0.09 Cr	active
C85700 Leaded Yellow Brass	58.0	64.0	0.8	1.5	0.50	1.5	32.0	40.0		0.7				1.0		0.8														0.05					active
C85705	58.0	60.0⁽⁵⁾	1.8	2.5		0.8		Rem	0.50	0.8		0.02	0.50	1.2	0.04	0.8								0.20				0.05		0.05					active
C85710 Yellow Brass	58.0	63.0	1.0	2.5		1.0		Rem		0.8				1.0	0.20	0.8								0.50						0.05					inactive 03/92
C85800	57.0⁽¹⁶⁾⁽²⁾			1.5		1.5	31.0	41.0		0.50		0.01		0.50⁽⁴⁾		0.55		0.05						0.25		0.05		0.05		0.25					active
C85900* Yellow Brass	58.0	62.0⁽¹⁾		0.09		1.5	31.0	41.0		0.50		0.01		1.5	0.10	0.6								0.01	0.10	0.65		0.20		0.25				0.20 B 0.20 Zr	active
C85910* Yellow Brass	58.0⁽¹⁾	62.0		0.09		1.5	31.0	41.0		0.50		0.01		1.5	0.10	0.6							0.01	0.20	0.10	0.65		0.20		0.25				0.20 B 0.20 Zr	active
C85920* Yellow Brass	58.0	62.0⁽¹⁾		0.09		1.5	31.0	41.0		0.50				1.5	0.10	0.6									0.10	0.65		0.20		0.25				0.20 B 0.10 C 0.30 Ti 0.20 Zr	active
C85930* Low-Lead Yellow Brass	58.0⁽¹⁾	62.0		0.09		1.5	31.0	41.0		0.50				1.5	0.10	0.6									0.10	0.65	0.10	1.5		0.25				0.20 B 0.10 C 0.30 Ti 0.20 Zr	active
C86100 Manganese Bronze	66.0⁽¹⁷⁾⁽²⁾	68.0		0.20		0.20		Rem	2.0	4.0					4.5	5.5							2.5	5.0											active
C86200	60.0⁽¹⁷⁾⁽²⁾	66.0		0.20		0.20	22.0	28.0	2.0	4.0				1.0⁽⁴⁾	3.0	4.9							2.5	5.0											active
C86300 Manganese Bronze	60.0	66.0⁽¹⁷⁾⁽²⁾		0.20		0.20	22.0	28.0	2.0	4.0				1.0⁽⁴⁾	5.0	7.5							2.5	5.0											active
C86350* Manganese Bronze Alloy	60.0	64.0⁽⁵⁾		0.09		0.8		Rem		1.0				0.50⁽⁴⁾	0.30	1.1						0.10	2.0	5.0											active
C86400 Manganese Bronze	56.0	62.0⁽¹⁷⁾⁽²⁾	0.50	1.5	0.50	1.5	34.0	42.0	0.40	2.0				1.0⁽⁴⁾	0.50	1.5							0.10	1.5											active
C86500 Manganese Bronze	55.0⁽²⁾⁽¹⁷⁾	60.0		0.40		1.0	36.0	42.0	0.40	2.0				1.0⁽⁴⁾	0.50	1.5							0.10	1.5											active
C86550	57.0⁽²⁾⁽¹⁷⁾			0.50		1.0		Rem	0.7	2.0				1.0⁽⁴⁾	0.50	2.5							0.10	3.0						0.10					active
C86700	55.0	60.0⁽²⁾⁽¹⁷⁾	0.50	1.5		1.5	30.0	38.0	1.0	3.0				1.0⁽⁴⁾	1.0	3.0							0.10	3.5											active
C86800	53.5	57.0⁽¹⁷⁾⁽²⁾		0.20		1.0		Rem	1.0	2.5			2.5	4.0⁽⁴⁾		2.0							2.5	4.0											active
C87200 Silicon Bronze	89.0			0.50		1.0		5.0		2.5		0.50				1.5								1.5					1.0	5.0					inactive 09/82
C87300* Silicon Bronze	94.0⁽⁵⁾			0.09				0.25		0.20													0.8	1.5					3.5	4.5					active
C87400	79.0⁽¹⁸⁾			1.0			12.0	16.0								0.8													2.5	4.0					active
C87410 Yellow Brass	79.0⁽¹⁸⁾			1.0			12.0	16.0								0.8	0.03	0.06											2.5	4.0					inactive 03/92
C87420 Copper Silicon	79.0⁽¹⁸⁾			1.0			12.0	16.0								0.8											0.03	0.06	2.5	4.0					inactive 03/92
C87430 Copper Silicon	79.0⁽¹⁸⁾			1.0			12.0	16.0			0.03	0.06				0.8													2.5	4.0					inactive 03/92
C87440	81.0⁽⁵⁾			0.09		0.20	11.0	16.0		0.20		0.15		0.10										0.10					0.50	2.0					active
C87500* Coppe Silicon Alloy	79.0⁽⁵⁾			0.09			12.0	16.0								0.50													3.0	5.0					active
C87510	79.0			0.50			12.0	16.0								0.50	0.03	0.06											3.0	5.0					inactive 03/92
C87520 Copper Silicon	79.0			0.50			12.0	16.0								0.50											0.03	0.06	3.0	5.0					inactive 03/92
C87530 Copper Silicon	79.0			0.50			12.0	16.0			0.03	0.06				0.50													3.0	5.0					inactive 03/92
C87600* Copper Silcon Alloy	88.0⁽⁵⁾			0.09			4.0	7.0		0.20														0.25					3.5	5.5					active
C87610* Cast Copper-Silicon	90.0⁽⁵⁾			0.09			3.0	5.0		0.20														0.25					3.0	5.0					active
C87700* Silicon Bronze Silicon Bronze	87.5⁽¹⁸⁾			0.09		2.0	7.0	9.0		0.50		0.15		0.25										0.8				0.10	2.5	3.5					active
C87710* Silicon Bronze Silicon Bronze	84.0⁽¹⁸⁾			0.09		2.0	9.0	11.0		0.50		0.15		0.25										0.8				0.10	3.0	5.0					active
C87800* Cast Silicon Bronze	80.0⁽⁵⁾			0.09		0.25	12.0	16.0		0.15		0.01		0.20⁽⁴⁾		0.15		0.05				0.01		0.15		0.05		0.05	3.8	4.2					active
C87845* Copper-Silicon-Brass	75.0	78.0⁽⁵⁾		0.02		0.10		Rem		0.10	0.03	0.06		0.20⁽⁴⁾		0.09		0.015						0.10				0.015	2.5	2.9				0.015 Cr	active
C87850* Copper Silicon Alloy	74.0⁽⁵⁾	78.0		0.09		0.30		Rem		0.10	0.05	0.20		0.20⁽⁴⁾										0.10				0.10	2.7	3.4					active
C87860*	75.0⁽⁵⁾	79.0		.09		.30		Rem		.10	.05	.20		.20⁽⁴⁾										.10					2.7	3.5			.002 Zr	.030 Zr	active
C87870*	75.0	79.0⁽⁵⁾		.09	.30	.7	16.0	23.0		.10	.05	.20		.20⁽⁴⁾										.10					2.7	3.5				.030 Zr	active
C87900 Copper Silicon	63.0			0.25		0.25	30.0	36.0		0.40		0.01		0.50		0.15		0.05						0.15		0.05		0.05	0.8	1.2					active
C87950	58.0⁽⁵⁾	65.0		0.09	0.30	1.5		Rem				0.15			0.10	0.8													0.30	1.5					active
C89320*	87.0⁽⁵⁾	91.0		0.09	5.0	7.0		1.0		0.20		0.30		1.0⁽⁴⁾		0.005			4.0	6.0						0.08		0.35		0.005					active
C89325	84.0	88.0⁽¹⁷⁾⁽¹⁹⁾		0.10	9.0	11.0		1.0		0.15		0.10		1.0⁽⁴⁾		0.005			2.7	3.7						0.08		0.50		0.005					active
C89510* SeBiLOY I (EnviroBrass I)	86.0⁽⁵⁾	88.0		0.09	4.0	6.0	4.0	6.0		0.20		0.05		1.0⁽⁴⁾		0.005			0.50	1.5⁽²⁰⁾						0.08		0.25		0.005	0.35⁽²⁰⁾	0.75			active
C89520* SeBiLOY II (EnviroBrass II)	85.0	87.0⁽⁵⁾		0.09	5.0	6.0	4.0	6.0		0.20				1.0⁽⁴⁾		0.005			1.6⁽²¹⁾	2.2						0.08		0.25			0.8	1.1⁽²¹⁾			active
C89530 Copper-Bismuth-Selenium Alloy Brasses	84.0⁽⁵⁾	89.0		0.20	3.5	6.0	7.0	9.0		0.30		0.05		1.0⁽⁴⁾		0.01			1.0	2.0								0.20		0.01	0.10	0.30			active
C89535 Copper-Bismuth Alloy	84.0	89.0⁽⁵⁾		0.25	2.5	5.5	5.0	9.0		0.30		0.40	0.30⁽⁴⁾	1.0		0.01			0.8	2.0								0.20		0.01		0.50			active
C89537*	84.0⁽⁵⁾	86.0		.09	3.0	6.0	5.0	13.0		.50									.50	3.0	.01	.10							.6	1.2			.0005 B	.0020 B	active
C89540	58.0	64.0⁽⁵⁾		0.10		1.2	32.0	38.0		0.50				1.0⁽⁴⁾	0.10	0.60			0.6	1.2												0.10			active
C89545	66.0	72.0⁽⁵⁾		0.09		0.50	27.0	31.0		0.30	0.01	0.15		1.0⁽⁴⁾	0.6	1.5			0.20	0.9				0.30						0.30				0.02 B	active
C89550* SeBiLOY III (EnviroBrass III)	58.0⁽⁵⁾	64.0		0.09	0.00	1.2	32.0	38.0		0.50		0.01		1.0⁽⁴⁾	0.10	0.6			0.6	1.2						0.05		0.05		0.25	0.01	0.10			active
C89560* Copper-Zinc-Bismuth	58.0⁽⁵⁾	61.0		0.09		0.25		Rem		0.12					0.30	0.8			1.0	2.4													0.0003 B	0.0015 B 0.001 Cd	active
C89570*	58.0⁽⁵⁾	63.0		.09	.20	1.5	35.0	38.0		.50	.05	.15	.15	.50⁽⁴⁾	.10	1.0			.05	1.5													.0001 B	.0020 B	active
C89580*	57.0⁽⁵⁾	64.0		.09		.50		Rem		.10				.30⁽⁴⁾	.10	1.2			.10	1.0															active
C89710 Green Brass	61.5⁽¹⁵⁾	62.5		0.10	0.50	0.6		Rem			0.15	0.20			0.15	0.25			0.15	0.30			0.20	0.40			0.25	0.35					0.002 B	0.005 B	active
C89720* Copper-Bismuth Alloy TECO	63.0⁽⁵⁾			0.09	0.6	1.5	26.0	32.0		0.10		0.02		0.10⁽⁴⁾	0.35	1.5			0.50	2.0				0.10			0.02	0.20	0.40	1.0			0.0005 B	0.01 B	active
C89831	87.0⁽¹⁷⁾⁽¹⁹⁾	91.0		0.10	2.7	3.7	2.0	4.0		0.30		0.050		1.0⁽⁴⁾		0.005			2.7	3.7						0.08		0.25		0.005					active
C89833* Copper Bismuth Alloy	86.0	91.0⁽¹⁾		0.09	4.0	6.0	2.0	6.0		0.30		0.050		1.0⁽⁴⁾		0.005			1.7	2.7						0.08		0.25		0.005					active
C89835* Federalloy III-932	85.0	89.0⁽¹⁷⁾⁽¹⁹⁾		0.09	6.0	7.5	2.0	4.0		0.20		0.10		1.0⁽⁴⁾		0.005			1.7	2.7						0.08		0.35		0.005					active
C89836 Copper Bismuth Alloy	87.0	91.0⁽⁵⁾		0.25	4.0	7.0	2.0	4.0		0.35		0.06		0.90⁽⁴⁾		0.005			1.5	3.5						0.08		0.25		0.005					active
C89837	84.0	88.0⁽¹⁹⁾⁽¹⁷⁾		0.10	3.0	4.0	6.0	10.0		0.30		0.050		1.0⁽⁴⁾		0.005			0.7	1.2						0.08		0.25		0.005					active
C89838	78.0	85.0⁽⁵⁾		0.09	1.5	4.0	12.0	18.0		0.30		0.05		0.50⁽⁴⁾		0.01			0.20	0.9								0.05		0.01					active
C89839	80.0⁽⁵⁾	82.0		0.20	0.8	1.5	15.5	18.5		0.30		0.03		0.20⁽⁴⁾		0.005			0.40	1.0								0.20		0.005					active
C89841 Copper-Bismuth Alloy	73.0	77.0⁽⁵⁾				0.30	18.0	23.0		0.10				0.20⁽¹¹⁾		0.01			0.50	1.0				0.10				0.10	2.8	3.4					active
C89842* Copper-Zinc-Tin-Bismuth	78.0	82.0⁽⁵⁾		0.09	2.0	3.0		Rem		0.30	0.005	0.02	0.10⁽⁴⁾	0.50		0.005			1.5	2.5								0.05		0.005					active
C89844	83.0	86.0⁽¹⁾		0.20	3.0	5.0	7.0	10.0		0.30		0.05		1.0⁽⁴⁾		0.005			2.0	4.0						0.08		0.25		0.005					active
C89845* Copper-Bismuth-Alloy	82.5	87.5⁽⁵⁾		0.09	3.0	5.0	6.0	9.0		0.30		0.05	1.5	2.5⁽⁴⁾		0.01			1.0	2.0								0.25		0.01					active
C89940*	64.0	68.0⁽⁵⁾		0.01	3.0	5.0	3.0	5.0	0.7	2.0	0.10	0.15	20.0⁽⁴⁾	23.0		0.005			4.0	5.5				0.20		0.05		0.10		0.15					active
* = are alloys registered with the U.S. EPA as Antimicrobial.
(1) = Cu + Sum of Named Elements 99.3% min.
(2) = In determining Cu min., Cu may be calculated as Cu + Ni.
(3) = For continuous castings P shall be 1.5% max.
(4) = Ni value includes Co.
(5) = Cu + Sum of Named Elements 99.5% min.
(6) = For continuous castings, P shall be 1.0% max.
(7) = Fe + Sb + As shall be 0.50% max.
(8) = Fe + Sb + As shall be .8% max.
(9) = Cu + Sum of Named Elements 99.1% min.
(10) = Cu + Sum of Named Elements 98.9% min.
(11) = Includes Co.
(12) = Cu value includes Ag.
(13) = For optimum DZR properties , Zn should not exceed 38%.
(14) = P may be substituted for As.
(15) = Cu + Sum of Named Elements 99.8% min.
(16) = Cu + Sum of Named Elements 98.7% min.
(17) = Cu + Sum of Named Elements 99.0% min.
(18) = Cu + Sum of Named Elements 99.2% min.
(19) = 0.01 - 2.0% as any single or combination of Ce La or other rare earth(x) elements as agreed upon. (x)ASM International definition: one of the group of chemically similar metals with atomic numbers 57 through 71 commonly refered to as lanthanides
(20) = Experience favors Bi:Se >= 2:1
(21) = Bi:Se >= 2:1